Fri. Nov 22nd, 2024

The art of crafting compelling game storylines is an essential aspect of game design. A storyline, also known as a narrative, is the plot or sequence of events that drives a game’s story forward. It encompasses the characters, settings, conflicts, and themes that make up the game’s world. A well-crafted storyline can immerse players in a game’s universe, creating a sense of excitement and engagement that keeps them coming back for more. In this article, we will explore the art of crafting compelling game storylines, and discuss the key elements that make a great game narrative. Whether you’re a seasoned game designer or just starting out, this article will provide valuable insights into the world of game storytelling.

The Importance of Game Storylines

The Role of Storytelling in Gaming

  • Gaming has evolved from simple arcade games to complex interactive experiences
  • The integration of storytelling in gaming has led to the creation of immersive worlds and compelling narratives
  • Players now expect games to have a well-crafted storyline that complements the gameplay
  • A good storyline can make a game more memorable and enjoyable, providing players with a reason to keep playing
  • The role of storytelling in gaming is not limited to just role-playing games (RPGs) and narrative-driven games, but also extends to games like first-person shooters (FPS) and sports games
  • Storytelling in gaming can take many forms, including cutscenes, dialogue, environmental storytelling, and player choice
  • The way in which the story is told can also impact the player’s experience, with some games opting for a linear narrative while others offer a more non-linear approach
  • A well-crafted storyline can also provide context and motivation for the game’s mechanics, making the gameplay more meaningful and satisfying
  • Furthermore, a compelling storyline can also attract new players to a game and create a sense of community around it, leading to a longer-lasting and more engaged player base.

The Impact of a Well-Crafted Story

A well-crafted story in a game can have a profound impact on the player’s experience. It can engage the player emotionally, make them invested in the characters and the world, and create a sense of immersion that draws them deeper into the game. Here are some ways in which a well-crafted story can impact a game:

  • Increased Player Engagement: A compelling story can make players more invested in the game world and its characters. When players care about what happens to the characters and the story, they are more likely to continue playing to see what happens next.
  • Deeper Emotional Connection: A well-crafted story can create an emotional connection between the player and the game world. Players may find themselves feeling empathy for the characters, rooting for their success, or feeling sadness or anger when something bad happens to them. This emotional connection can make the game more memorable and impactful.
  • Higher Replayability: A strong story can also make players more likely to replay the game multiple times. If players are invested in the story and want to see different outcomes or explore different paths, they may be more likely to replay the game to experience different storylines.
  • Greater Appeal to a Wider Audience: A well-crafted story can help to broaden the appeal of a game to a wider audience. Games with strong stories can attract players who may not typically be interested in gaming, as they are drawn in by the narrative and characters.
  • Increased Critical Acclaim: Finally, a well-crafted story can contribute to a game’s critical acclaim. Games with strong narratives are often praised by critics and reviewers, which can help to boost the game’s popularity and success.

Overall, a well-crafted story can have a significant impact on a game’s success and player experience. By creating a compelling narrative that engages players emotionally and draws them deeper into the game world, game developers can create a truly unforgettable gaming experience.

Elements of a Good Game Storyline

Key takeaway: Crafting compelling game storylines is crucial for creating immersive and engaging player experiences. This involves understanding the role of storytelling in gaming, the impact of a well-crafted story, and the elements of a good game storyline, such as character development, plot and structure, and themes and messaging. Building tension and conflict through meaningful choices and creating emotional connections with relatable characters and memorable moments are also essential. Game developers must also consider adapting to different genres and platforms, balancing player agency and narrative control, incorporating player feedback and data, and considering the future of game storytelling.

Character Development

Importance of Character Development in Game Storytelling

Character development is a crucial element in game storytelling, as it allows players to become emotionally invested in the game’s characters and their journeys. Well-developed characters create a sense of empathy and connection with the player, which can significantly enhance the overall gaming experience. Moreover, compelling characters with intriguing backstories can motivate players to explore the game world, uncover hidden secrets, and engage in meaningful interactions with other characters.

Creating Relatable and Memorable Characters

To create relatable and memorable characters, game designers must focus on developing a comprehensive understanding of their target audience. By identifying the preferences and interests of the target audience, game designers can create characters that resonate with players, allowing them to connect on a deeper level.

One effective technique for creating memorable characters is to give them unique personalities, strengths, and weaknesses. This approach adds depth and complexity to the characters, making them more relatable and engaging. Additionally, game designers should consider incorporating diverse character archetypes, such as the hero, the villain, the mentor, and the sidekick, to create a well-rounded cast of characters.

Balancing Character Development with Gameplay

While character development is a critical aspect of game storytelling, it is essential to balance it with gameplay mechanics. Characters should be developed in a way that enhances the gameplay experience without detracting from it. Game designers can achieve this balance by integrating character development seamlessly into the gameplay, such as through dialogue options, branching storylines, and character interactions.

Moreover, game designers should ensure that character development does not hinder the player’s ability to explore the game world or complete tasks. A well-balanced approach to character development ensures that players can enjoy the game’s storyline without feeling overwhelmed or disengaged from the gameplay.

The Impact of Character Development on Replayability

Character development can also have a significant impact on a game’s replayability. When players feel a strong connection to the game’s characters, they may be more inclined to play the game multiple times to experience different storylines or outcomes. Moreover, well-developed characters can inspire players to create their own stories and interpretations, adding an extra layer of depth and replayability to the game.

In conclusion, character development is a critical element in crafting compelling game storylines. By focusing on creating relatable and memorable characters, balancing character development with gameplay, and considering the impact on replayability, game designers can create immersive and engaging gaming experiences that resonate with players on a deeper level.

Plot and Structure

The plot and structure of a game storyline refers to the overall narrative arc and organization of events that drive the game’s story forward. It encompasses the key events, characters, and conflicts that make up the game’s story.

  • Coherence: A well-crafted plot should be coherent and logical, with events unfolding in a way that makes sense and is easy to follow. This means that the plot should have a clear beginning, middle, and end, and that the events should build on one another in a way that is easy to understand.
  • Tension and Conflict: A good plot should be filled with tension and conflict, as these elements drive the story forward and keep players engaged. Conflict can come in many forms, such as character vs. character, character vs. environment, or character vs. self. The key is to create conflict that is meaningful and drives the story forward.
  • Character Development: Strong characters are essential to a compelling game storyline. Characters should be well-defined and have their own motivations, goals, and conflicts. They should also evolve and change over the course of the story, with their experiences and conflicts shaping their development.
  • Pacing: The pacing of a game’s plot is also important. A good plot should have a good balance of action, dialogue, and exposition, with the pacing gradually building as the story progresses. This helps to keep players engaged and invested in the story.
  • Conclusion: A good plot should also have a satisfying conclusion that ties up loose ends and provides closure for the story. This can be a cliffhanger that leaves players wanting more, or a more definitive ending that provides closure.

Overall, a good game storyline should have a well-crafted plot and structure that is coherent, filled with tension and conflict, has well-developed characters, good pacing, and a satisfying conclusion. These elements work together to create a compelling and immersive story that engages players and keeps them coming back for more.

Themes and Messaging

Crafting a compelling game storyline is not just about creating an engaging narrative, but also about incorporating themes and messaging that resonate with players. Themes are the underlying ideas or messages that a game’s storyline conveys, while messaging refers to the specific statements or lessons that the storyline imparts to the player.

To create a game storyline with strong themes and messaging, it is important to consider the following:

  • Relevance: The themes and messaging should be relevant to the game’s setting, characters, and plot. They should also be relevant to the players themselves, addressing issues or experiences that they can relate to.
  • Originality: While it is important to draw inspiration from existing stories and themes, it is also important to bring a unique perspective or spin to the game’s narrative. This can help to make the game’s themes and messaging feel fresh and engaging.
  • Consistency: The themes and messaging should be consistent throughout the game, with no conflicting or confusing messages. This can help to ensure that the game’s narrative feels cohesive and believable.
  • Subtlety: The themes and messaging should be presented in a subtle and nuanced way, allowing players to interpret and engage with them in their own way. This can help to create a more immersive and engaging gameplay experience.

Overall, incorporating strong themes and messaging into a game’s storyline can help to create a more meaningful and impactful experience for players. By considering the relevance, originality, consistency, and subtlety of the game’s narrative, game developers can create a storyline that resonates with players and leaves a lasting impression.

Building Tension and Conflict

Creating Meaningful Choices

In the realm of game design, one of the most effective ways to immerse players in a narrative is by providing them with meaningful choices. These choices, when crafted with care, can lead to unique and engaging storylines that keep players invested in the game world. However, creating meaningful choices is not as simple as it may seem. Game designers must take into account several factors when crafting choices for players, including the player’s agency, the narrative’s pacing, and the impact of the player’s choices on the overall story.

Creating meaningful choices begins with understanding the player’s agency. Players should feel like they have a say in the direction of the story, and that their choices have a direct impact on the game world. This means that game designers must provide players with choices that are not only impactful but also relevant to the narrative. For example, a player might be given the choice to side with a particular character or faction, or to pursue a particular quest or objective.

However, it’s important to balance player agency with the narrative’s pacing. If a game is too linear, players may feel like their choices are meaningless, and the game becomes more of a linear experience than an interactive one. On the other hand, if a game is too open-ended, players may feel overwhelmed by the number of choices available to them, and the narrative may suffer as a result. Game designers must strike a balance between giving players enough agency to feel invested in the story, while also maintaining a sense of direction and purpose.

Finally, the impact of the player’s choices on the overall story must be carefully considered. Players should be able to see the consequences of their choices, whether positive or negative. This means that game designers must be careful to ensure that the narrative remains coherent and consistent, regardless of the player’s choices. This can be achieved through careful planning and the use of branching narratives, where different choices lead to different outcomes.

In conclusion, creating meaningful choices is a crucial aspect of crafting compelling game storylines. By understanding the player’s agency, balancing player agency with the narrative’s pacing, and considering the impact of the player’s choices on the overall story, game designers can create choices that are both impactful and engaging. These choices can lead to unique and immersive storylines that keep players invested in the game world, creating a truly unforgettable gaming experience.

Developing High-Stakes Situations

Creating high-stakes situations is a crucial aspect of building tension and conflict in game storylines. By raising the stakes, game designers can create a sense of urgency and importance that drives the player’s engagement and immersion. High-stakes situations can be used to challenge the player’s skills, push them to make difficult decisions, and create memorable moments that leave a lasting impact.

Here are some tips for developing high-stakes situations in game storylines:

  • Identify the core conflict: To create a high-stakes situation, it’s essential to identify the core conflict or problem that the player must solve. This conflict should be significant enough to justify the risk and investment required to resolve it.
  • Set clear objectives: The player’s objectives should be clear and well-defined. They should know what they are trying to achieve and why it’s important. This will help create a sense of purpose and direction.
  • Introduce obstacles: Obstacles are an essential part of any high-stakes situation. They can take many forms, such as enemy forces, environmental hazards, or time constraints. The obstacles should be challenging enough to require the player to use their skills and resources effectively.
  • Create a sense of risk: To create a high-stakes situation, the player must feel that there is a real risk involved. This can be achieved by introducing consequences for failure, such as loss of life, resources, or progress. The risk should be significant enough to make the player feel invested in the outcome.
  • Build towards a climax: The high-stakes situation should build towards a climactic moment that tests the player’s skills and determination. This can be a final battle, a race against time, or a difficult decision that must be made. The climax should be memorable and leave a lasting impact on the player.

Overall, developing high-stakes situations is an essential part of creating compelling game storylines. By raising the stakes, game designers can create a sense of urgency and importance that drives player engagement and immersion. By following these tips, game designers can create high-stakes situations that challenge the player, create memorable moments, and leave a lasting impact.

Crafting Emotional Connections

Developing Relatable Characters

When it comes to creating an immersive and engaging game experience, one of the most critical elements is the development of relatable characters. Players must be able to connect with the characters they are controlling or interacting with, and this connection must be established early on in the game. Here are some tips for developing relatable characters:

  • Give characters depth and complexity: A well-rounded character is one that has multiple dimensions and flaws. They should not be one-dimensional or stereotypical. Consider giving your characters backstories, motivations, and emotions that make them human. This will help players connect with them on a deeper level.
  • Make characters relatable through relatable situations: Characters should be placed in situations that players can relate to. This can be achieved by making the characters go through common experiences that people can identify with. For example, a character dealing with the loss of a loved one or struggling with a difficult decision can resonate with players.
  • Allow players to influence character development: Players should have the ability to shape the characters they are playing as. This can be done by allowing players to make choices that affect the character’s development. For instance, a character’s personality traits, skills, and relationships can be shaped by the player’s choices.
  • Create characters with distinct voices and personalities: Each character should have a unique voice and personality. This will help players differentiate between them and make them more memorable. Consider giving each character a distinct accent, mannerisms, and catchphrases that make them stand out.
  • Use character interactions to reveal their personalities: Characters should interact with each other in a way that reveals their personalities. This can be done through dialogue, body language, and facial expressions. These interactions should be meaningful and relevant to the story.
  • Allow characters to grow and change: Characters should evolve over time. This can be achieved by giving them opportunities to learn from their experiences and make new discoveries. Characters should also be affected by the choices players make, which can lead to different outcomes and character development.

By following these tips, game developers can create relatable characters that players can connect with on an emotional level. This connection is essential for creating a compelling game storyline that players will remember long after they have finished the game.

Creating Memorable Moments

In the realm of game design, crafting memorable moments is a vital aspect of creating emotional connections with players. These moments can be defined as experiences that resonate with players on a personal level, leaving a lasting impact and fostering a strong bond between the player and the game. Crafting memorable moments involves careful consideration of various factors, including storytelling, player engagement, and environmental design.

Storytelling

Effective storytelling plays a crucial role in creating memorable moments in games. By weaving compelling narratives that touch upon universal themes and human emotions, game designers can create experiences that feel meaningful and impactful. The narrative should be carefully crafted to evoke a range of emotions, from joy and wonder to sadness and fear. It is important to strike a balance between storytelling and gameplay, ensuring that the narrative enhances the overall gaming experience without detracting from it.

Player Engagement

Player engagement is another critical factor in creating memorable moments in games. Engaging players on a deeper level requires understanding their motivations, desires, and expectations. By tailoring game experiences to player preferences, designers can create moments that feel personalized and immersive. This may involve incorporating player choice, branching narratives, and other interactive elements that allow players to feel like they are actively participating in the story.

Environmental Design

Environmental design is also a crucial element in crafting memorable moments in games. By creating immersive worlds that feel alive and dynamic, designers can transport players to new realms and foster a sense of wonder and discovery. This may involve incorporating rich details, subtle cues, and environmental storytelling techniques that allow players to explore and interact with the world in meaningful ways.

In summary, crafting memorable moments in games requires a careful balance of storytelling, player engagement, and environmental design. By considering these factors, game designers can create experiences that resonate with players on a personal level, fostering emotional connections and leaving a lasting impact.

Adapting to Different Genres and Platforms

Narrative Approaches for Different Games

Crafting compelling game storylines requires a deep understanding of the different narrative approaches for various genres and platforms. Each game genre has its unique storytelling elements that cater to the player’s experience and expectations. For instance, a first-person shooter game will have a different narrative approach compared to a role-playing game. This section will delve into the different narrative approaches for various game genres, such as:

  • First-person shooters: In first-person shooters, the narrative approach is often centered around the player’s character, with the story unfolding through scripted events and cutscenes. The focus is on the player’s agency and control over the story, with the player’s actions driving the narrative forward.
  • Role-playing games: Role-playing games offer a more immersive narrative experience, with the player taking on the role of a character in a vast, open world. The narrative approach in role-playing games often involves player choice and decision-making, with multiple paths and endings based on the player’s choices.
  • Adventure games: Adventure games typically feature a strong narrative focus, with a linear storyline that unfolds through scripted events and puzzles. The narrative approach in adventure games often involves character development and exploration, with the player uncovering the story through exploration and interaction with non-playable characters.
  • Simulation games: Simulation games, such as city-building games or management games, often have a minimal narrative approach, with the player’s actions driving the story forward. The narrative approach in simulation games often involves the player’s goal of building and managing a virtual world, with the story emerging from the player’s choices and actions.
  • Strategy games: Strategy games, such as turn-based strategy games or real-time strategy games, often have a complex narrative approach, with multiple factions and storylines unfolding simultaneously. The narrative approach in strategy games often involves resource management, diplomacy, and military strategy, with the player’s choices affecting the outcome of the story.

Overall, crafting compelling game storylines requires a deep understanding of the different narrative approaches for various genres and platforms. By understanding the unique storytelling elements of each genre, game developers can create a more immersive and engaging player experience.

Translating Storylines Across Platforms

Translating storylines across platforms is a crucial aspect of crafting compelling game storylines. It requires understanding the nuances of different platforms and adapting the story accordingly.

When translating storylines across platforms, it is important to consider the following factors:

  1. Platform-specific features: Each platform has its unique features that can be leveraged to enhance the storytelling experience. For example, mobile games often have limited screen space, which requires the story to be conveyed through simple and concise dialogues. On the other hand, console games have more real estate for storytelling, allowing for more complex narratives.
  2. Player expectations: Players have different expectations from games on different platforms. For instance, players of mobile games expect shorter, more casual gameplay experiences, while players of PC and console games expect more immersive and longer experiences. Therefore, the storyline should be tailored to meet the expectations of the target audience.
  3. Platform-specific constraints: Each platform has its own constraints that can affect the storytelling experience. For example, mobile games have limited processing power, which can affect the complexity of the graphics and animations. Therefore, the storyline should be designed to work within the constraints of the platform.
  4. Platform-specific genres: Different platforms have different genres that are popular among players. For example, mobile games are more popular for casual genres such as puzzle and simulation games, while console games are more popular for action and adventure genres. Therefore, the storyline should be designed to fit the genre of the game.

In conclusion, translating storylines across platforms is a challenging task that requires a deep understanding of the platform-specific features, player expectations, platform-specific constraints, and platform-specific genres. By considering these factors, game developers can create compelling storylines that resonate with players across different platforms.

Challenges and Opportunities in Game Storytelling

Balancing Player Agency and Narrative Control

One of the key challenges in crafting compelling game storylines is finding the right balance between player agency and narrative control. Player agency refers to the player’s ability to make choices and have an impact on the game world, while narrative control refers to the game’s ability to control the story and direct the player’s experience.

It is important to strike a balance between these two elements in order to create a game that is both engaging and immersive. If a game gives too much control to the player, it can become confusing and overwhelming, while a game that gives too little control to the player can feel restrictive and linear.

There are several strategies that game designers can use to balance player agency and narrative control. One approach is to create a game world that is open-ended and allows for exploration, while also providing clear objectives and a structured narrative. Another approach is to create a game that is more linear, but allows for player choice within that structure.

Despite the challenges, finding the right balance between player agency and narrative control can lead to a more satisfying and memorable gaming experience. By considering the needs and desires of the player, game designers can create a game that is both engaging and immersive, with a story that is both dynamic and impactful.

Incorporating Player Feedback and Data

Game developers today have access to a wealth of data about how players interact with their games. This data can be used to gain insights into what players like and dislike about a game’s story, as well as what types of storylines are most engaging. By incorporating player feedback and data into the game development process, developers can create more compelling storylines that keep players engaged and coming back for more.

One way to incorporate player feedback and data is through playtesting. Playtesting allows developers to see how players interact with the game and what parts of the story they find most engaging. This feedback can then be used to refine the storyline and make it more compelling for players.

Another way to incorporate player feedback and data is through the use of analytics tools. These tools can track player behavior and provide insights into what types of storylines are most popular among players. This data can then be used to inform the development of future games and storylines.

However, it’s important to note that incorporating player feedback and data can also present challenges. For example, players may not always know what they want or what will make the game more engaging. It’s up to the developers to use their creativity and experience to craft a storyline that is both compelling and engaging for players.

Overall, incorporating player feedback and data can be a powerful tool for game developers looking to create more compelling storylines. By using this data to gain insights into player behavior and preferences, developers can create storylines that keep players engaged and coming back for more.

The Future of Game Storytelling

The future of game storytelling is shaped by several factors, including advancements in technology, evolving player expectations, and a growing emphasis on narrative-driven experiences.

Increasing Interactivity

One of the key trends in the future of game storytelling is the increasing interactivity between players and the story. As technology advances, game developers have the opportunity to create more dynamic and personalized narratives that respond to player choices and actions. This can lead to a more immersive and engaging experience for players, as they feel like they have a greater impact on the story’s outcome.

Virtual and Augmented Reality

Another significant development in game storytelling is the integration of virtual and augmented reality technologies. These technologies allow for a more immersive and realistic experience for players, providing a new platform for storytelling. Virtual and augmented reality games can offer unique and innovative ways to tell stories, allowing players to explore and interact with a fully realized world.

Emphasis on Diversity and Inclusion

The future of game storytelling also includes a growing emphasis on diversity and inclusion. As the gaming industry becomes more diverse, game developers have the opportunity to create stories that reflect a wide range of experiences and perspectives. This can lead to more meaningful and impactful narratives that resonate with a wider audience.

Influence of Other Media

Finally, the future of game storytelling is influenced by other forms of media, such as film and television. As these mediums continue to evolve and innovate, game developers can learn from their successes and failures, incorporating new techniques and styles into their own narratives. This can lead to a more diverse and exciting future for game storytelling, as developers continue to push the boundaries of what is possible.

The Lasting Impact of Compelling Game Storylines

The lasting impact of compelling game storylines cannot be overstated. A well-crafted narrative can immerse players in a fictional world, evoking emotions and inspiring thoughts long after the game has been completed. In this section, we will delve into the profound influence that engaging storylines have on players and the industry as a whole.

  • Emotional Connection: A captivating storyline allows players to form an emotional connection with the game’s characters and plot. This connection fosters a sense of investment, driving players to become more engaged in the game and its narrative. Emotional engagement can lead to a heightened sense of immersion, increasing the likelihood of positive word-of-mouth recommendations and extended playtime.
  • Memorable Experiences: Compelling storylines often create memorable experiences that resonate with players. These experiences can range from triumphant victories to heart-wrenching losses, leaving a lasting impression on players’ minds. The ability to create such powerful memories can contribute to a game’s longevity, as players may continue to reminisce about their experiences and share them with others.
  • Industry Influence: The success of a compelling game storyline can have a ripple effect throughout the industry. Developers and designers often look to critically acclaimed games for inspiration, and a well-told story can spark innovation and creativity in the field. Furthermore, successful game narratives can pave the way for new genres and gameplay mechanics, pushing the boundaries of what is possible in interactive entertainment.
  • Critical Acclaim and Sales: A compelling storyline can significantly impact a game’s critical acclaim and sales figures. Positive reviews and word-of-mouth recommendations can boost a game’s popularity, leading to increased sales and a stronger brand identity. Additionally, critical acclaim can open doors for further franchise development and expansion, ensuring the game’s lasting impact on the industry and its audience.
  • Influence on Cultural Conversations: Engaging game storylines can also have an impact on cultural conversations and discussions. As players share their experiences and thoughts on a game’s narrative, it can spark debates and discussions about its themes, characters, and plot twists. This exposure can lead to increased recognition for the game and its creators, solidifying its place in the broader cultural landscape.

In conclusion, the lasting impact of compelling game storylines is significant and far-reaching. Emotional connections, memorable experiences, industry influence, critical acclaim, and cultural conversations are just a few examples of the ways in which engaging narratives can leave a lasting impression on players and the industry as a whole. By understanding the power of a well-crafted story, game developers can create experiences that resonate with players and contribute to the ongoing evolution of interactive entertainment.

FAQs

1. What is a storyline in a game?

A storyline in a game refers to the narrative or plot that drives the game’s story forward. It includes the characters, setting, conflicts, and resolutions that make up the game’s narrative. A compelling storyline can enhance the player’s experience and make the game more immersive and engaging.

2. Why is a storyline important in a game?

A storyline is important in a game because it provides players with a reason to engage with the game world. It gives players a sense of purpose and motivation to continue playing the game. A well-crafted storyline can also help create a memorable gaming experience that players will want to share with others.

3. How is a game’s storyline developed?

The development of a game’s storyline typically involves a team of writers, designers, and artists who work together to create a cohesive narrative. The process may start with a concept or idea, which is then fleshed out into a full storyline. The team may also conduct research, consult with experts, and playtest the game to ensure that the storyline is engaging and enjoyable for players.

4. What elements make up a compelling game storyline?

A compelling game storyline includes engaging characters, a well-developed setting, a clear conflict, and a satisfying resolution. The story should also be coherent, with a logical progression of events that keep players engaged and interested. Additionally, the story should be relevant to the game’s theme and genre, and it should provide players with a sense of agency and choice.

5. How can players affect the game’s storyline?

Players can affect the game’s storyline through their choices and actions within the game world. Depending on the game, players may have the ability to make decisions that impact the outcome of the story, such as choosing different dialogue options or making certain in-game choices. These choices can lead to different outcomes and endings, adding replayability and player agency to the game.

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